Confucian Ethics and Legalists Authority in Shaping of Chinese History

Discussion Politics and ethics are concepts that are identical according to the teachings of Confucianism. These aspects strongly contrast legalism. Confucianism demands politics to be considered on ethical convictions and not laws. It bases ethical convictions on goodness of human nature (Mou 112).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Confucian Ethics and Legalists Authority in Shaping of Chinese History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With Mencius, Confucianism believes in innate goodness of man. Thus, it considers man as an emotional being. This kind of emotion forms the basis of morality. Confucianism values education as an avenue of refining emotionality as it deteriorates into an ego-centric attitude. Chinese civilization was ethically formed by Confucianism (Zhang 67). For more than two millennia, this remained Chinese ethical foundation. This paper discusses Confucian ethics and legalist’s authority in shaping Chinese history and explores: the analects of Confucius and how they would serve as primary moral and ethical code in shaping the intellectual period of the Zhou dynasty; how Mencius writings constituted an important development in the expansion of Confucian ethics and aiding moral argument of human goodness; and how Shang Yang’s writings would form the foundation for the Qin dynasty political program. Analects of Confucius in Shaping the Zhou Dynasty Analects Confucius contain conversations with disciples. In these conversations, Confucius adopts a detached view of Heaven. He once commended, â€Å"You are unable to serve man,† ‘how then can you hope to serve the spirits? While you do not know life, how can you know about death?† (Hardy 5). Here, Confucius interest in philosophy was clearly political and ethical. His construct of the universe was such that if human beings behave harmoniously in accordance with its purposes, their own affairs would prosper. Confucius was much concerned with human behaviour. Behaving in conformity with the Dao (cosmos) was the key to proper behaviour (Hardy 5). Confucius basic assumption was that all human beings had their own Dao, depending on their individual roles in life, and it was their duty to follow it. Confucius strongly felt that people will naturally follow example of leaders who lived according to high ethical standards. In terms of shaping moral sensibilities, Confucius taught the significance of ritual and music. Additionally, he advocated benevolent hierarchical social order (Hardy 5). The ruler also had his own Dao. The ruler ignored his Dao at his own peril, for to do so could signify the loss of heaven mandate (Hubbard 22).Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Confucius interpretation of the Dao contained two basic elements; one was the concept of duty. Human beings had the responsibilit y to subordinate their own interest and aspirations to the greater need of others. This assumes that each person works hard to accomplish his or her assigned destiny. In turn, this accelerates prosperity in society. Therefore, the ruler in this respect has to set a good example. The beneficial effect would be felt throughout society if he conforms in his kingly ways (Perry 40). Secondly, the idea of humanity was another important element. This involved a sense of compassion and empathy for other people. Confucius supported rule by merit concept as stated in the rites of Zhou (Hardy 5). Confucius philosophical thinking was revolutionary; many of his ideas were forward looking rather than backward. His most remarkable political thinking was that government should be open to all men of superior quality, not restricted to those of noble birth. Noting one of Confucius disciples in the analects: â€Å"The master said, by nature, men are nearly alike; by practice, they get to be wide a pa rt†, through the analects, Confucius ideas were passed to the next generation (Mou 108). This had a strong effect on political thinkers of china of the late Zhou era. This period was characterized by an existing system that was in disarray and exposed to serious question. The legal thought of the Chinese has always varied between legalism and Confucianism school of thoughts. Legalists believe that humans should be governed by law, that is, a set of external laws and penalties that are coercive. Confucians on the other hand, believe in the inherent good nature of humans and thus can learn to morally govern itself internally. Confucianism took effect during the chaotic period in Chinese history; marked with the disintegration of the Zhou dynasty and Chinese Civil War and social crisis (Mou 115). The analects of Confucianism collected would later play primary moral and ethical role in informing the intellectual period of the Zhou dynasty. In these collected analects (Mou 108).Adv ertising We will write a custom essay sample on Confucian Ethics and Legalists Authority in Shaping of Chinese History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Confucius espouses conservative government that admired political and social environment of the Zhou dynasty. Infact, the early Chinese social norms were effectively institutionalized by traditional Confucianism. Confucius viewed society not just as an organization that promotes human survival, rather as a mode through which man becomes a human being. Laws were believed to regulate the ego within each individual. In sum, Confucianism emphasized the practice of traditional forms over inborn human nature (Mou 116). The view of collected analects is that inherent imperfections in human beings did not pose problems for a tradition in good order. The Zhou dynasty was such a tradition. Mencius and the Expansion of Confucian Ethics Mencius writings formed a significant growth in expansio n of Confucian ethics and made tremendous contribution to human goodness in moral argument (Buchanan 75). Mencius emphasized the human side of Confucian thoughts. He argued that human beings were good by nature and therefore could be shown their civil responsibilities by example. Mencius also emphasized the duty of compassionate leadership by rulers when he stated: â€Å"It was because Chieh and Chou lost the people that they lost the empire, and it was because they lost the hearts of the people that they lost the people. Here is the way to win the empire, win the people and you win the empire. Here is the way to win the people, win their hearts and you win the people. Here is the way to win their hearts, give them and share with them what they like, and do not do to them what they don’t like. The people turn to a human ruler as water flows downward or beasts take to wilderness† (Mencius 36). Significantly, Mencius made an impact on the shaping of the Zhou dynastic his tory and culture. The Zhou dynasty advocated the concept of heavenly mandate where people had the moral right to seek removal of leaders who do not perform as expected, even through violent means (Mencius 38). This concept was duly promoted by Mencius. Mencius encouraged benevolence and righteousness in a leader. He encouraged leaders to share worries and aspirations of the people and determine policies appropriate for them to live and work in peace and contentment (Buchanan 76). Mencius maintained the significance of personal virtues in the role of leadership. He postulated benevolence for instance to result honour and cruelty to cause disgrace to society (Mencius 36). Therefore, Mencius encouraged individuals in authority to have an ethical role to behave in people’s best interest (Buchanan 74).Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mencius had a strong notion of the kind of influence bestowed upon people. He explained why a king fails to be a kind leader, and why a transformation of the ruler’s attitude would be positive for all subjects. Mencius stated; â€Å"How virtuous must a man be before he can become a true king? He becomes a true king by bringing peace to the people. This is something no one can stop. Can someone like me bring peace to the people? Yes. How do you know that I can? All you have to do is take this very heart here and apply it to what is over there. Hence one who extends his bounty can bring peace to the Four Seas; one who does not cannot bring peace even to his own family† (Xu 2). In summary, Mencius maintained that rulers had to practice virtue in order for them to sustain their positions in authority. He duly encouraged the heavenly mandate concept; experienced in the earlier period in the Zhou dynasty. This meant that people had moral obligations to remove leaders in aut hority who do not deliver to their expectations, even through force (Xu 3). Shang Yang’s Foundation for Qin Dynasties Political Program Shang Yang promoted the philosophy of legalism in ancient China. He took issue with the view of Mencius and other Confucian thinkers that human nature was essentially good. By nature, Shang Yang argued that human beings were evil and will do the correct things only by forced laws and harsh punishments. Shang Yang and other legalist thinkers discarded Confucian view that government by superior individuals could correct societal problems and instead argued for impersonal laws system. Additionally, Shang Yang and other legalists differed with Confucian view that heaven has a moral core. He totally believed that only strict action by state could lead to social order. Common people could best be motivated to serve the leadership interest for fear of harsh penalty, more than material promise reward. Since he believed on the corrupt human nature, he could not trust officials to carry out their duties in efficient and equitable manner. He believed that only a strong leader could organize a society that is orderly. Through his writings, Shang Yang gave the foundation for Qin dynasties political program. This involved providing full authority to state and ruler against its subjects (Hardy 6). Shang Yang formulated the legalist foundation of the Qin dynasty. This foundation was a technique to control, more than a mere philosophy upon which to organize a government that is stable. Qin dynastic program was based on the urges to fear of retribution and desire for reward (Bedeski 80). Accordingly, by understanding these motivations and exercising rigorous laws, a leader is able to subordinate his subjects, ministers and even his own family to serving him and the state. Shang Yang’s writings provided the state and the leader full authority over and against its subjects. Wealth, tranquillity and dynastic glory were the goal of st ate. However, this was at the expense of thought, innovation, freedom, and religion. Shang Yang viewed the world as a totalitarian state, and legalism acted as a technique for its maintenance. Legalism advocates for population management placing people as the major source of state power (Bedeski 81). Shang Yang explores the scope of Qin political knowledge as a product of centuries of reflection of war. This involved alliances, negotiations, and strategies. Qin political knowledge was necessitated by an environment where war and preparation for war were necessary. Understandably, this was derived from authority as command and administration as mobilization. Qin later resorted to the political knowledge of a garrison state at peace with all except those who break law and dissidents. The later were dealt with as state enemies. As Qin’s political knowledge was used in the building of Chinese state, its enforcement was restricted to succeeding in consolidating the hegemony of the dynasty. It completely failed to confer legitimacy in the long term. The strict laws imposed obedience but not reciprocal obligation on the governed. Conclusion In sum, Chinese legal system continues to follow Confucianism in a fundamental manner. For instance, the country continues to adopt Confucian concern on morality, addressing the legal system where the law is only an item of executing state policies. Confucianism demands politics to be based on ethical values and laws only as advocated by legalists. Legalist thinkers such as Shang Yang believe that men should be governed by coercive laws and reprimands (penalties). Confucians thinkers such as Mencius, in contrast believed that the nature of human beings is good and can learn to internally govern itself through moral suasion by traditional rites (Perry 38). As Confucian philosophers earned political patronage in china and adopted in Chinese political governance, legalists’ penal sanctions were reduced to items applied in enforcing Confucian morality (Mou 113). Confucianism preserved the social order and its ideals were adopted in Chinese traditional civilization. This took root during the Zhou dynasty. Confucianism aided in shaping the moral habits of the Zhou leaders’ dynasty and, by the example of the leaders, their subjects (Hubbard 22). Work Cited Bedeski, Robert. Human Security and the Chinese State. London: Taylor and Francis, 2007. Buchanan, Allen. States, Nations and Borders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Hubbard, Hatfield J. An Education classroom Guide to Americas Religious Beliefs. New York: Greenwood Publishing, 2007. Hardy, Kinney A. The Establishment of the Han Empire and Imperial China. New York: Greenwood Publishing, 2005. Mencius. Mencius. London; Penguin Books, 2004. Mou, Bo. History of Chinese Philosophy. London: Taylor and Francis, 2008. Perry. Chinese Conceptions of Rights. Perspectives on Politics, 2008, 6(1), 37-57. Xu, Zhang B. Mencius: A Benevolent S aint for Years. Beijing: Intercontinental Press. Zhang. Five Thousand Years of Chinese Nation. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2007. This essay on Confucian Ethics and Legalists Authority in Shaping of Chinese History was written and submitted by user Milania Riddle to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Stereotyping in Nursing Care | Reflection

Stereotyping in Nursing Care | Reflection PLACEMENT REFLECTION Introduction Reflection has been defined within healthcare as the active process of reviewing, analysing and evaluating experiences, drawing upon theoretical concepts or previous learning, in order to inform future actions (Reid, 1993). A reflective practitioner often reflects on experience and is capable of reflecting-in-action, continually learning from experience to the benefit of future actions (Schon, 1983). This essay is a reflective account based on the recurrence of an incident that took place during my placements in a forensic and an acute ward as part of my mental health nursing training. This reflection is based on Gibbs (1988) definition of reflection which is shown in his reflective cycle in the diagram below. The model will be used to describe the incident, my feelings following the incident and an evaluation of my experience. An analysis of what sense can be made of the situation and thoughts of what else could have been done under the circumstances. The final stage is an action pl an for what has to be done if the incident eventuates in future during practice (NHS, 2006). In accordance with the NMC code of conduct (2008) on confidentiality, the names used for the patients are pseudonyms. Reflection in nursing is important as it generates practice knowledge, enhances the ability to adapt to new situations, develops self-esteem, leads to satisfaction and improves professional practice (Baird and Winter, 2005, p.156). Similarly, Siviter (2004, p.165) explain that reflection is about gaining self-confidence, identifying when to improve, learning from own mistakes and behaviour, looking at other people’s perspectives, being self-aware and improving the future by learning from the past. Description of the incident During my first week of placement at a forensic ward, I was cautioned to be careful of some patients whom the nurses had labelled as ‘difficult’. This was a perception I carried with me till the end of my placement, unfortunately. At one instance I was with a nurse in the office when Yosef, one of the ‘so-called’ difficult patients came to request for the patients phone to make a call. The nurse appeared to be very busy and ignored the patient. As the patient kept knocking at the window, I asked the nurse if I could facilitate the request, but I was told the patient had to wait because he has a habit of always making requests. Yosef walked away after waiting for a few more minutes without help. He was fuming and very upset. I looked at the nurse in despair as I really could not understand what he had to wait for in the first place since in my view, the request could have easily been facilitated. I felt a sense of guilt because at that moment I felt we had le t down a service user as facilitators of service. I carried this guilt with me to my second placement which was a female acute admissions ward. I found that here too, the labelling of some patients as ‘difficult’ existed. Bridget, a 59 year old patient who presented as isolative, interacting minimally with peers and staff was also labelled as such. During a ‘plan of the day’ meeting which all patients and staff are expected to attend, Bridget was surprisingly very forthright. She spoke about staff negative attitudes towards patients during the ‘any other business session’. After lunch that day, I decided to have a conversation with her. I started by introducing myself and congratulated her for being outspoken at the meeting, empathising with her on some of the concerns she raised at the meeting. This was meant to make the prospect of engaging her more appealing to her. The conversation took off slowly, but I had to adopt emphatic listening whic h according to Wold (2004, p.73) is about the willingness to understand the other person and not just judging the person’s facts. During the conversation, I maintained eye contact in order to express a sense of interest in what she was saying (Caris-Verhallen et al, 1999). To my surprise, Bridget was participative, and very pleasant throughout the conversation, dispelling the earlier impression I had been given about her. At the meeting that morning, she had mentioned nurses’ insensitivity which I wanted her to elaborate on. In her response, she said ‘Nurses must know that mental illness is invisible unlike physical illness. The therapy is not all about medication, but it is also about relationships that show warmth towards us as patients. But some nurses feel so important and insensitive; their attitude sometimes makes me feel slighted and frustrated. This can easily lead me on to kick off and explode when I shouldn’t’. She was very thankful and said she felt ‘lifted’ after the conversation. My feelings I had mixed feelings after this conversation; a feeling of disappointment and regret. The disappointment was associated with the fact that there appeared to be a thread of a culture of neglect instead of support at the two wards towards patients. My regret was borne out of the fact that I had allowed some nurses to colour my perceptions of some of the patients. It was clear after this conversation that some nurses have failed to understand and respond to the needs of some patients because they failed to form sound therapeutic alliances with patients which is an essential component of all therapeutic interventions through effective communication Stevenson (2008, p.109). It is important in a mental health setting that nurses promote a therapeutic rapport with patients that is underpinned by a sense of trust, respect and mutual understanding. According to Harkreader and Hogan (2004, p. 245) these are ingredients that would raise the patient’s self-esteem and personal growth. Even more important, according to Arnold and Boggs (2007, p.200) is the need for effective therapeutic communication which can improve the patient’s ability to function. In order to establish therapeutic nurse-patient interaction, a nurse must demonstrate caring, empathy and trustworthiness (Kathol, 2003, p.33). These involve the implementation of interpersonal skills which Johnson (2008) defines as the total ability to communicate effectively with patients and all those involved in their care. Communication is the exchange of information, and effective communication must involve both verbal and non-verbal communication through the use of gestures, postures, facial e xpressions, tone and level of volume. I had a feeling that this intervention was a good starting point to develop my communication and interpersonal skills in future. Evaluation I realised that through communication, I got to know how some patients feel about nurses and the kind of interaction that they expect would contribute to their therapy. At least, my intervention had helped to alleviate her stress to some extent, calmed her frustration and anger through the use of effective communication skills which underpins the promotion of therapeutic relationships necessary to handle aggression more effectively (Duxbury 2002). Analysis Caring which consists among other things of the provision of comfort, concern and support, the development of trust and the alleviation of stress (Leninger, 1994) is a primary duty of nurses. But arguably, caring can only be demonstrated when people interact with each other and get to understand their needs. My interaction with Bridget was part of my duty to provide nursing care, and this was achieved by putting her at the centre of the conversation by way of making her: feel listened to; feel that her concerns are being validated and not trivialised; feel emotionally supported; feel understood. A conducive atmosphere for effective communication was created which enabled her to express her feelings. The Department of Health (DH) (2004) and the National Health Service (NHS) Modernisation Agency (2003) lay emphasis on the importance of patient-focused communication between health professionals and patients. This is seen as vital to achieving patient satisfaction, inclusive decision making in caregiving and an efficient health service. Nursing literature also promotes these concepts as indicative of best practice. For example, McCabe and Timmins (2006) and Charlton et al. (2008) found that, by using a person-centred approach in the interaction between nurses and patients, care outcomes were improved in: patient satisfaction; adherence to treatment options; patient health. Effective communication is also essential to practice and improving interpersonal relationships in the workplace between professional groups and peers (Grover, 2005) Conclusion The nurse is seen as the therapeutic agent in the nurse-patient relationship. This involves the application of effective communication and interpersonal skills which can lead to a sense of safety and protection, improved levels of patient satisfaction and greater adherence to treatment options and increased recovery rates. Furthermore, a successful communication through a patient-centred approach also serves to reassure relatives that their loved ones are receiving the necessary treatment. Action Plan My action plan for future clinical practice is to avoid stereotyping of some patients, but to try to understand them as individuals and treat them with the care that ensures recovery. This can only be done by forming therapeutic alliances with them through effective communication and interpersonal skills. REFERENCES Arnold, E. C. and Boggs, K. (2007) Interpersonal Relationship: Professional Communication Skills for Nurses, Copyright  © 2006, Elsevier, London. Baird, M. and Winter, J. (2005) Reflection, practice and clinical education in Philadelphia: ElsevierChurchill Livingstone. Caris-Verhallen, W. M. C. M., Kerkstra, A. and Bensing, J. M. (1999) Non-verbalbehaviour in nurse-elderly patient communication. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29 (4), 808-818. Charlton, CR, Dearing, KS, Berry, JA and Johnson, MJ (2008) Nurse practitioners’ communication styles and their impact on patient outcomes: an integrated literature review. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 20: 382–8. Duxbury J.A. (2002) An evaluation of staff and patients’ views of and strategies employed to manage patient aggression and violence on one mental health unit. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 9, 325–337. Gibbs, G (1988) Learning by doing: a guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford: Further Education Grover, S. M. (2005). Shaping Effective Communication Skills and Therapeutic Relationships at Work, The foundation of Collaboration. AAOHN Journal, 53(4), 177-182. Harkreader, H. and Hogan, M. A. (2004) Fundamental of Nursing: Caring andClinical Judgment. Johnson, D. (2008) Interpersonal skills [onlinehttp://www.mtsu.edu/~jsanborn/iskills/interpersonal.htm[Accessed on 21 March 2014] Kathol, D. D. (2003) Communication in Kockrow, E. O. and Christen, B. L. (eds) Foundation of Nursing, Missouri: Mosby. Leninger, M. (1994). Evaluation criteria and critique of qualitative evaluation studies. (Ed.), Critical issues in qualitative research methods (pp. 95-115). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. McCabe C, Timmins F. (2006) Communication Skills for Nursing Practice, Palgrave MacMillan NHS Modernisation Agency (2003) Available at: http://www.institute.nhs.uk/index.php?option=com_joomcartmain_page=document_product_infoproducts_id=230cPath=67 Accessed on April 2014 Nursing and Midwifery Council. (NMC). (2008). The Code Standards of Conduct, Performance and Ethics for Nurses and Midwives. London: NMC Reid, B. (1993) But we’re already doing it! Exploring a response to the concept of reflective practice in order to improve it’s facilitation. Nurse Education Today. 13 pp. 305-309. Schon, D.A. (1983) The reflective practitioner. New York: Basic Books. Siviter, B. (2004) The Student Nurse Handbook. USA: Baillere Tindall. Stevenson (2008, p.109). Unit, Oxford Polytechnic. Wold, G. H. (2004, p.73) Basic Geriatric Nursing 3rd ed. USA: Mosby https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/amending-the-national-health-service-act-2006

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Day in and day out an in-numerous amount of Americans lounge in their comfort chairs with snacks, drinks, and a remote in hand watching the next great television series. Some American’s, however, enjoy watching the daily news report before work, school, or starting there day. The hope to receive the latest events, weather, and sports scores for the big games is welded in the minds of these individuals. The Media’s influence has increased in size as the development of technology rapidly goes up. With the invention of the radio, newspaper, television, and internet it is almost impossible to escape the grasp of the media’s influence. More importantly technology and media has affected the younger generation more severely, as now it is almost impossible to tell a teenager to turn the television off or stop listening to that music. The Media’s increasing influence has become a part of everyday teenage life, and the teenager and media have become inseparable. The role of media is to create idols, and images that people want to become more like. The media controls the amount of violence filtered and viewed by consumers, as well as the amount of attention certain celebrities get, and depending on the amount of attention results in whom the generation mimics. This magnitude of influence brings reasonable cause to worry as this generation is our future leaders. The Belief that media uses its influence positively not having a negative effect on the younger generations is not only a false notion but also media purposely uses its influence for wrong doing. It is important to notice that everything done by an individual is influenced by what that person witnessed and experienced. One of the most influential sources today is television. There are... ...s of all time. After the release of this video game the volunteer rate more than doubled. Works Cited Bess, Marcus. "Physical Activity interventions using mass media, print media, and information technology." American Journal of Preventive Medicine (1998): 362-378. Print. Browne, Kevin. "The influence of violence media on children and adolescents a public- health approah." I Review (2004). web. Steele, Jeanne. "Adolescent room culture: Studying media in the context of everyday life." SpringerLink (1995): 551-576. print. Watson, N. A. "Filthy or Fasionable? Young People's perceptions of smoking in the media." Oxford Journals (2002): 554-567. print. Wilson, Corliss. "A content Analysis of Health an d physical activity messages marketed to african American Children During After-School Television Programming." Jama Pediatrics (2006). print.

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Although Islam spread rapidly in the world as soon as it surfaced in the world, but it established its foothold in the Indo-Pak Sub-continent in the beginning of 8th Century A.D. It was during the rule of sixth Umayyad caliph, Walid bin Abdul Malak (705-715 A.D), when an overarching incidence of ship looting occurred near Debal, a sea port. The ships, carrying widows and children of deceased Arab soldiers, sent by the king of Ceylon (present day Sri-Lanka) to the Umayyad Governor, Hajjaj bin Yousef, of Baghdad were ransacked by a contingent of ferocious Hindu pirates. Hajjaj sent his emissary to the Rajput king, Raja Dahir under whose jurisdiction the pirates carried out the loot. The raja bluntly turned down the Governor’s claim said the pirates were not under his sway. Hajjaj decided to send the young Imaduddin Muhammad bin Qasim to teach the raja a lesson and release the prisoners. Muhammad bin Qasim was the ruler of Faris when he was called back by the Governor. Muhammad b in Qasim then led a glorious Muslim army and invaded Sindh in 712 A.D. During his short stay in Niran he was reinforced by four thousands Jats who were long subdued by the self-righteous king. Raja Dahir came with his 40,000 soldiers along with contingents of elephants. However, the Raja killed in the battle field and his demoralized army retreated. Muhammad bin Qasim not only released the prisoners along with the looted ships but also established Islamic society/rule in Sindh. Qasim continued to expand the Muslim society beyond Sindh. He marched up to Multan where he defeated Raja Gor Singh. During this time several changes occurred that made his expeditions slow down and finally put a halt. Hajjaj bin Yousef had been died in 714 A.D and, within months administrative changes wrought in Damascus. Walid bin Abdul Malak was replaced by his brother Suleman bin Abdul Malak (715-717 A.D). The new ruler was extravagantly luxury loving and quite incompetent for the accession to the throne. Suleman called off the best Generals from around their respective destinations and through intrigues executed them one by one. These Generals brought laudable victories to Walid. They included Qutaiba bin Muslim, the conqueror of Turkistan; Tariq bin Ziad, the conqueror of Andalus; Musa bin Nasir, the conqueror of North Africa; and Muhammad bin Qasim, the conqueror of Sindh. Muhammad bin Qasim was died languishing in the prison at the age  of just 22. He was replaced by Yazid bin Kabashi. Qasim’s rule, though short, is marked by the historians as marvelous and magnificent. He gave relieved the local population scourged by the extra judicious rule of the erstwhile rajas in general and Raja Dahir in particular. Furthermore, he espoused inter-religious harmony and brought prosperity and good governance in the areas under his domain. Italian scholar F. Gabrieli said: â€Å"Present day Pakistan, holding the values of Islam in such a high esteem, should look upon the young Arab conqueror, Muhammad bin Qasim, almost as a distant Kistes (founding father), a hero of South Asian Islam†. With the passage of time rule of Umayyads finally evaporated in 750 A.D. They were succeeded by the Abbasids. The Abbasid rulers time after time sent their governors in the Sub-continent. According to Ibn Haukal, who traveled extensively through the Arab domains around the middle of the 8th Century, particularly mentioned the affluence of the people of Sindh. Moreover, during the rule of Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur (754-775 A.D), scholars from the Sindh were welcomed at the court of Baghdad. In the north Islam was making inroads from Afghanistan into the north-western region of Pakistan. Islamic missionaries were actively spreading their faith among the tribes. Due to weak Abbasid ruler, who acceded to the throne later on, lost sway over the territories of the Sub-continent at the end of 9th Century. In the 10th Century Turks invaded the Sub-continent through renowned Khyber Pass. The most important of them was Mahmud of Ghazni, the son of Sabuktagin the great General. Mahmud ruled the sub-continent from 997 A.D. He wanted to expand his rule across India and attacked seventeen times in this regard. He was a great warrior. He reduced the influence Hindushahi Kingdom being prevalent in India. He became known as an Idol Breaker after the destruction of Somnath temple. However, he died in 1030. Mahmud appointed Khusru Malik as the governor of Lahore. However, Khusru Malik was killed by the Ghoris headed by Muhammad Ghori and paced their empire around 1185. Muizz-ud-din Muhammad bin Sam, known as Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Ghuri is among the one who played a paramount role in the establishment of Muslim rule, especially in North India. He defeated the fearsome army of Prithvi Raj Chauhan in 1192 in the second battle of Tarain. He had has the credit to establish the first Muslim in Delhi. In 1206, Ghori had to travel to Lahore to crush a revolt.  On his way back to Ghazni, his caravan halted at Damik near Jehlum. He was killed while offering his evening prayers. From 1206 to 1526 A.D Delhi Sultanate rose to power. It is believed, however, that the period of Delhi Sultanate was politically turbulent but the Muslim society under the Sultanate period flourished at a great length. Sufism also made it way during this era. He is aptly called as the founder of Muslim Empire in Indo-Pak Sub-continent. Mughals, led by Zaheer-ud-Din Babar entered India in 1526 A.D and remained in power, though nominally, till 1857. The Mughal epoch is particularly known as the period of Muslim architecture, literature and gave a boost to religious reformists and saints such as Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, Shah Walliullah, Sheikh Farid-ud-Din Ganj Shakar, Nizam-ud-Din Chishty, etc. Islam left profound effects on minds of people of the Sub-continent. Islam completely changed the living standard and style of thinking of the people of the Sub-continent. The Muslim society gave a welcome fillip to the cultural, economic and, social development in the Sub-continent and boosted inter-religious harmony as well. Turks introduced Persian language which intermingled with Arabic and other local languages gave birth to several new languages including Urdu. Though the Muslim society experienced ups and downs throughout the history, yet it yielded positive effects on the minds of people at large in Indo-Pak Sub-continent.

Recruitment and Staff Selection

Recruitment and Staff Selection Recruitment and Staff Selection Companies should be careful when hiring employees because the kind of employees working in an organization will determine the effectiveness of an organization. There are various methods of recruiting employees; employers can ask for records and official documents from which they can learn about the person or they can decide to do the back ground check, also known as personnel selection. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment and Staff Selection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Health care organizations can advance the quality of their employees by implementing more effective screening procedures to avoid future problems since applicants cannot be trusted to disclose any previous cases of criminal behaviors. In many countries the employer is liable for any mistakes made by an employee especially in the medical field as the employer should have know whether the employee poses a for eseeable risk of harm or danger to others. Despite all the precautions being taken there is always a possibility of employee indiscipline that could develop later after the employee is hired. It could be deliberate, psychological or could be triggered by an event for example, death of a close person making an employee lose his or her self will. The employees should be handled with care at this stage since they could be a threat to the organization or even against themselves. There should be correction procedures for such employees, they could be; counseling sessions, warning letters, suspension, demotion, salary withdrawal or dismissal if the situation cannot be completely reversed. The following sanctions should come up progressively so as to provide time for the employee to change, while some like counseling could continue even after the employee has reformed or even after termination for rehabilitation. When terminating an employee, all details should be recorded in the personn el database including the reason for termination and any disciplinary actions that were previously administered. The termination should be properly planned and the letter should be carefully written because any ambiguities could be used against the organization in court. The employee should be informed in a private meeting and it should be as professional as possible and brief, because too much talking can lead to unpleasant arguments that the employee could use in court against the organization. All due benefits and salaries should be surrendered in time and the financial transactions should be documented for future use if needed (Lee, 1996). Designing job advertisements can be quite a challenge because the information given will determine the kind of people who will apply and hence also it will affect those that will be employed. An advertisement should be designed to capture the attention of the right people that are required not just anyone. Advertising Looking for essa y on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The title of the job should be very clear; it should be the first thing that one notices when he or she looks at the advert. The organization should also be written under its official names, location and address also should be included. The job description should be clearly stated and the entire main details clearly written hence avoiding any ambiguity. This does not mean that the advertisement should be long and prosy; it should just give the right information regarding the job. This part can comprise of the academic qualifications required, the social qualifications, duties, time; it could be full time or part time, any special requirements like female applicants or the disabled should also be included and may even include the salary but it is not necessary although it can be a good way to regulate the applicants. The grammar punctuations and language should also be accurate and precise. The most essential skills should be clearly written followed by the extras and other benefits expected. Finally instructions of how to apply for the job should be written down and the mode of application should be clear. It could be through direct mail letters or even online, however the company should ensure that the mode is reliable and easily accessible to the applicants. The deadline of application is also very important and it should be set depending on the mode of application to be used because some mediums are faster than others (Stone, 2005). There are two nursing jobs advertisements that have identified; one on the Nursing Jobsite .Com and the other on Career FAQs Medicine.com. The first is advertising for a registered general nurse to work in London south west, the job is temporary, the salary is negotiable, the job reference number is given and the address for application and that is all the information provided. That advert is very short and t oo brief, the company or hospital is not mentioned, the qualifications are not stated and neither are the duties of the nurse. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment and Staff Selection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This advertisement leaves the applicants very confused and asking many questions and it may even discourage them because it shows lack of seriousness in the organization. The second advertisement requires a registered and experienced nurse to work in the theater suite at St John’s Royal Hospital. The details of the hospital are provided whereby, the applicants are informed that they will be trained for free for the specific job by the hospital, the qualifications are well written, other extra skills needed are also stated and also it is noted that the job is full time. The job reference number is provided and the place of sending the applications is also provided. I would apply for the s econd job because it has all the information needed about the position, the duties, and the organization is clearly provided. This shows that the hospital is well organized and it is also serious with meeting its objectives hence providing a good place to work for a person’s career development. Reference List Lee, E. (1996). Globalization and employment. International Labor Review, Vol. 135 No.5, pp. 485–98. Stone, R. (2005). Human Resource Management. Melbourne : John Wiley and Sons.

WHY DID THE AMERICANS TRIUMPH essays

WHY DID THE AMERICANS TRIUMPH essays The Americans triumphed in the war for Independence due to a number of reasons, which when combined, could only lead to one solution, that of victory for the Americans. As Hugh Brogan says, There was no middle ground for the Americans: for them it was either victory or total submission. The reasons are far and wide reaching and include a number of failures by the British. The British failed to use the loyalist Americans who numbered up to a third of the population, they withheld some of their best troops from the conflict and suffered major communication problems. The role of George Washington as commander-in-chief was an important factor in the success of the Continental Army and the final reason for American success lies in the support it received from other nations and in particular from France. The American Revolution divided the American people in three ways. There were those who wanted a new political order and wanted to be free from the British, there were those who were loyal to Britain and those who had not decided who to side with or did not care which way the conflict went. The revolutionaries called those loyal to Britain Tories, royalists or the Kings men. The British did not make enough use of what could have been up to a third of the American population who supported them. A large number of these loyalists could be found close to the East Coast and they were from different backgrounds including shopkeepers, farmers and professional people. The British failed to make enough use of these loyalists from the very start of the conflict and they waited until the war was well under way before organising them for military service. One of the main reasons for this was that Britain expected the war to be a short one and did not see the point in organising and training people who would not be needed. Many other possible loyalists were lost to the British cause due to the actions and behaviour o...

Career Counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Career Counseling - Essay Example It is also evident from the case that Randall has always been competitive and career oriented in his approach. Thus it is a very hard for Randall to overcome the accident and lead a normal life. Even the effects of the accident have taken a greater toll on the physical as well as mental abilities of Randall. But still it can be viewed that Randall have the desire within himself that gave him much required confidence. Though life after the accident would not be the same again but his attitude made it lot easier for him to lead life. Personal performances and accomplishments have considerable connection with that of efficacy. Even outcome expectations and personal goals play great role. Randall wanted to become an aeronautical engineer and was preparing for it but the accident turned away his attention from studies because it was quite taxing for him. But still it is known that Randall opted for CADD (Computer Aided Drafting and Design) after the incident and wanted to lead a simple li fe. He also felt that he was not different from others in any aspect. His optimism was one factor that made him more strong and confident. Determination and achievement are the other foundations of the social cognitive learning theory. The determination of Randall to achieve something after going through so much of turbulence is one such example. The social cognitive learning theory has both strengths and limitations but with bilateral perceptions. It depends a lot on the situation as well as the mind frame of the learner. It provides a more flexible focus on the development of the learner. The three bases which are efficacy, expectations and goals are three internal factors of the learner. Thus it is only with the learner’s willingness along with proper counseling that could turn the limitations into the learner’s advantage. Cultural approach only comes to play when there is any problem in relation with that of culture and the environment in a broader aspect.

Music and Color (which ones positively affect employees,which ones Essay

Music and Color (which ones positively affect employees,which ones negatively affect them) - Essay Example â€Å"Music in the workplace promotes positive mood, sense of team, improves alertness and can lessen the event of accidents† (Marshall 2007). There is a mood threshold beyond which productivity rapidly decreases. The high value attributed to the use of light music rather than classical music partly reflects the generally low level of effectiveness achieved by classical music. â€Å"Music â€Å"motivates workers, decreases boredom and leads to increased productivity perhaps because people work in time with the beat† (le Roux 2005 cited Marshall 2007). Music also means that people can learn more effectively and work more creatively, and hence sustain stress more effectively. Ability to work together harmoniously, or cope with unforeseen circumstances, points towards people feeling healthy, having a sense of well-being, having high morale and being able to accept more responsibility. In general, music allows people respond to work situations more positively. (Goodman 200 7). Similar to music, colors have great impact on employees and their mood. Pronounced colors have a negative impact on productivity increasing distress, low self-esteem and aspirations (Birren 23). In the long term, dark colors can have secondary effects on health and that visible flickering can have profound effects on the human nervous system. The trend towards darker colors is unlikely to affect health adversely, and may indeed be advantageous. The trend could have negative consequences for health if it were shown that the increasing levels of ambient light at night affect circadian rhythms. Improvements in brightness and the evenness of spectral power may be beneficial. In particular, the move towards a greater use of green, yellow and white is likely to be good for both health and performance. Intervention to ensure a healthy working environment should always be the first step towards improving productivity and work