Teenagers Communication With Their Partners On Issues Of...

CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Teenagers communication with their partners on issues of sex and their use of condoms is greatly influenced by the discussions teenagers have with their parents on issues related to sex. However in this discussion, little is known about the process of parent-teenager communication with regards to the topic under discussion. Understanding what parents discuss with their children and how they discuss it may lead to a greater understanding of teenagers sexual behaviours. A literature review of researches done in the previous studies has been done, in order to help to identify the gaps in literature so that further researches in this area can be done. Theorectical Framework The approach that is going to be used in this study,is that of the social cognitive theory (SCT) developed by Bandura (1997). According to this theory, human behaviour is a result of the interaction of personal factors, the environment and the behaviour itself (Bandura, 1997). The social cognitive theory clearly explains how people acquire and maintain certain behavioural patterns whilst at the same time, providing the basis for intervention strategies (Bandura, 1997). From the various behavioural factors that influence behaviour, Bandura (1986) identified self efficacy and outcome expectations as the most salient factors. Self efficacy refers to the ability and confidence in performing a particular behaviour or it can be looked as an individual’s judgment of his or herShow MoreRelated Parental Communication1539 Words   |  7 PagesResearch findings of parental communication about sex were mixed and inconclusive. The attempts to synthesise findings is complicated by differen t research methods, wide varied measurements of parent- adolescent communication, and differing perceptions of various groups. The inconsistent and contradictory findings might result from a lack of standard measurements across studies. Existing studies on parent-child communication about sex have several limitations. First, a number of studies haveRead MoreSex Education Programs Vs. Abstinence Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pages Today’s youth faces very tough issues in their everyday life. Kids are growing up too fast too soon. They are facing situations and making decisions that will affect them for the rest of their lives. Among one of the most pressing issues they have to deal with is the risk of dangerous sexual behaviors and early pregnancies. Sex education programs in schools are clashing over comprehensive-sex education programs versus abstinence-only education programs. Abstinence-only programs not only instillRead MoreRape Is Not On The Top Of My Safety Concerns1557 Words   |  7 PagesTurns You On? (b)STI Risk Scale. I have very low risk of receiving an STI from a potential partner. I am a cautious person in general, especially when it comes to my health. The only thing I noted as a 4 were the two statements asking about comfortability discussing sex and STIs with doctors or health professionals and sexual partner. I honestly do not know how I would feel talking about those issues because I have never had to, but I could imagine it being awkward for me. Staying Safe fromRead MoreComprehensive Sexual Education Of The United States1219 Words   |  5 Pagessexual education of teenagers in the United States. Sexual education is the instruction on issues about bodily development, sex, sexuality, and relationships. Comprehensive sex education teaches about abstinence, condoms, and contraceptives to avoid sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unplanned pregnancies. As well as, the skills needed to help young people explore their own values and options. Comprehensive sexual education should be taught in the United States to provide teenagers with an evidence-basedRead MoreComprehensive Sexual Education Should Be Taught1240 Words   |  5 PagesEDUCATION OF TEENAGERS IN AMERICA. Sexual education is the instruction on issues about bodily development, sex, sexuality, and relationships. Comprehensive sex education teaches about abstinence, condoms, and contraceptives to avoid sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unplanned pregnancies. As well as, the skills needed to help young people explore their own values and options. Comprehensive sexual education should be taught in public schools in the United States to provide teenagers with an evidence-basedRead MoreShould Tennagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control Without Parent Consent?1727 Words   |  7 PagesShould Teenagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control without the Permission of Parents? KaTrina Bacon English 215 February 2, 2012 Dr.Sharonda Johnson Should Teenagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control without the Permission of Parents? Of all the many controversies that have affected the United States in the past decades, birth control has been one of the more important topics. Some popular birth control methods are the female and male condoms, and the birth control pill. Even though both ofRead MoreThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy1722 Words   |  7 Pagesbroken many barriers and achieved great accomplishments, there are still some deep rooted issues which continue to affect her in a most insidious manner. One of the issues that women face in the United States is teen pregnancy which is still an enormous problem that needs to be addressed. The rates are still higher than they were only a decade ago. Becoming a parent permanently and profoundly alters a teenager s life. Most of the girls forget about their dreams of happy marriage, and become mothersRead MoreIntimate Relationships And Sexual Relationships1196 Words   |  5 Pagessuccessful relationships from a young age. In order to have a satisfying and inclusive relationship basic physical and emotional needs should be met. The Catholic Church and Society both agree that healthy relationships are characterised by open communication, negotiation, respect, high levels of trust and love. Catholics view love as an act of will, devotion, unselfishness and sacrifice. Catholics belief that â€Å"God is love† (1 John 1:18) not only loving or a lover. They believe that love is God’s essenceRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagespurposes inclusive but not limited to, promoting people, events, places , foods and ideas as well as aiding in communication. However, many may agree that with the advent of Social Media, came many other issues which have essentially resulted in far more harm to the world than good. On the other hand, others have also posited and praised Social Media as being the most convenient communication medium developed, allowing for the free flow of information across boundaries, in real-time. Some popular SocialRead MoreEssay about Protect the Future1398 Words   |  6 PagesEveryone is doing it! Assumptions, like this one, may prompt sexual activities among many teens. The amount of teenagers involved in sexual activity has drastically increased over the last several decades. Especially during the course of high school due to the outrageous status que with having sex. Due to such high numbers of sexually active teens, the distribution of condoms in high school could be implemented in every school district across the United States. Many individuals believe in using protection

Can Pro-diversity Television Program Influence a Change in...

American children, on average, spend more time watching television programs than they do engaging with adults, siblings, or attending school (Feldman, Coats, Spielman, 1996). This finding introduces the challenge for big networks to use television to positively guide children’s social learning while they are home from school. Studies have shown that even a brief exposure to television can produce positive effects on learning during childhood (Rice and Woodsmall, 1998), and television programming can also positively influence pro-social behaviors and gender-role concepts (Forge Phemister, 1987, Mares Woodward, 2001, O’Bryant Corder-Bolz, 1978 and Signorelli, 2001). Furthermore, many of the existing educational programs†¦show more content†¦The purpose of the current study is to explore the reasoning behind failed criteria, and to better determine how they may need to be adjusted. Although so many children’s educational programs attempt to influence at titudes relating to racial prejudice (Persson Musher-Eizenman, 2003), the amount of research that has been conducted to test the effectiveness of these efforts is extremely minimal. To date, only two known studies have successfully caused children to demonstrate positive changes in racial attitude as prompted by television programming. The first, Gorn et al. (1976) found that their Caucasian preschool-aged participants experienced a positive shift in attitudes towards race after watching Sesame Street. In one condition, participants watched an episode in which White children played with non-White children, and in another condition only children from ethnic minority groups played together. Most notably, participants who had watched either episode claimed they would rather play with the non-White children, whereas the participants in the control condition, who viewed an episode with only White children, almost unanimously claimed that they would rather play with White children (Gorn et al., 1976). In the second study that demonstrated television’s ability to influence children’s racial attitudes, Houser (1978) found that children aged 5-9 who viewed anti-prejudice mini episodes (10-15 minutes) recorded less prejudiced responses on

The Future of Oil Free Essays

TIME Magazine, titled † The Future of Oil† by author Bryan Walsh which is a senior writer for TIME magazine, covering energy, environment and diseases infers and appraises the future of oil in the aspect of economy, value, scarcity and finding its alternatives. The author reveals and reviews the importance of oils to global economy as well as the urgency on finding another replacement for oil in order to flee the world from over-relying on this non-renewable natural resources. This facts have agonized the world and people starts concerning nice decades ago when people found that the oil is not renewable and not reusable. We will write a custom essay sample on The Future of Oil or any similar topic only for you Order Now SUMMARY In the first part of the article, the author reviews the discovery of new plentiful oil sources in the Atlantic Ocean 180 miles east of ROI De Jeanine could producers,OHO barrels of crude a day, yet it is still disproportional to the demand all around the world. Nevertheless, the latest advanced technologies applied on automobiles and recession of economy in US have temporary shed the demand oil, the rapid growth in other countries like China, India and certain developing countries have equalize gain the demand and supply graph back to the extreme level. These bring a phenomena that plentiful but expensive oil in the market. The price of oil will still be hardly to drop. Moreover, there is still no other substitute available for oil, it is prone to be big booms and deep busts, taking the global economy along with it. When the global economy heats up, demand for oil rises, boosting the price and encouraging producers to pump more. Inevitably those high prices eat into economic growth and reduce demand Just as suppliers are overproducing. Prices crash, and the cycle starts all over again. However, the environmental issues and costs have to be brought to be concerned. The catastrophic oil spill accident happened in the Gulf of Mexico had brought huge impact to the environment and it needs decades to recover. Yet, the demand of oil is never stop, supply of oil must be ideally inexhaustible to the world. People are facing the more challenging and dangerous tasks while getting the unconventional oil to satisfy the demand of oil. Hence, the best solution is still to develop other kind of energy alternative to break temporally of oil for environmental, economy and future. Analysis of the Presentation The first element of the article â€Å"The Future of Oil† written by Bryan Walls in April 2012 that is going to be discusses will be the author’s purpose of intent. From the article, the author’s purpose is to inform the audience about the current amount of available crude left and the number of production of barrels of oil per day which to fulfill the unlimited demand from the international market, and to predict that the oil which supports our daily transportation will be getting expensive in the future and it will be much more polluting in order to process the oil as the process is destructive to the environment. The second element to be discusses will be the author’s point of view. As what have written before, since the author have stated that the price of oil becomes expensive (Bryan Walls, 2012). Thus the author suggests that it will be important to hold as more researches and developments of carbon-free alternatives such as wind power, solar power, nuclear power and befouls as possible now in order to reach better technology in fuel-efficiency which is believed potential to reduce the burden of the high price of oil in our daily life later. Next, the author’s tone in writing the article will be another element to be discusses where a tone fleets the author’s feeling and attitude towards the subject. Audience can feel the author’s tone was excited when he describe on the size of the floating oil-production platform deck in Atlantic, Brazil which he wrote † The platform deck is so big you could play the Super Bowl on it, if not for the nest for the interlocking pipes and valves that circulate oil, methane and steam throughout the ship. † (Bryan Walsh, The Future of Oil, paragraph 2 line 5-7). The author shows the feeling of regret too from his word â€Å"A combination of recession, conservation and improved auto efficiency has eloped the U. S. Shed demand impressively. But demand in China, India and other developing nations have replaced it. Result: plentiful but expensive oil that translate into painfully high gas prices. † (Bryan Walsh, The Future of Oil, paragraph 5 line 3-5). Other than that, the author’s worry can be found from the written â€Å"The new supplies are for the most part more expensive than traditional oil from places like the Middle Each, sometimes significantly so. They are often dirtier, with higher risks of accidents. (Bryan Walsh, The Future of Oil, paragraph 8 line 2-4). The author also wows the feeling of sarcastic and contradiction when he wrote muff may not like Exxon because of the pump price or its oversize profits, but how much love do you have for autocratic poetasters like Iran or Russia? Oxen’s growth trickles down; the oil-and-gas industry created 9% of all new Jobs last year, according to a report by the World Economic Forum, even as oil companies booked multimilli on-dollar profits. † (Bryan Walsh, The Future of Oil, paragraph 15 line 5-9). The author used the tone sarcastic once again later in his word â€Å"Low oil prices in the sass lulled U. S. Auto companies into disastrous complacency; they had dew efficient models available when oil turned expensive. † (Bryan Walsh, The Future of Oil, paragraph 18 line 5-6). Other than all of the above, the author used the tone of exaggerate when he describing the amount of available extreme oil, â€Å"Extreme oil meaner there will still be enough?more than 1 trillion barrels by one estimate?to keep cooking the planet if we decide to burn it all. (Bryan Walsh, The Future of Oil, paragraph 25 line 7-8). In addition, the author used some fact information instead of opinion sentences teen the paragraphs in the article; which a fact is the statement that can be proven right or wrong, and an opinion is the statement of feeling that cannot be proven right or wrong (Dahlia, Critique Essay). The author stated that since there is increase in crude collecting activities which requi res drilling technology now thus â€Å"Tight oil has helped revivalist the American drilling industry. (Bryan Walsh, The Future of Oil, paragraph 11 line 1). Besides that, the author also stated that U. S. ‘s import of liquid fuels have decreased from 60% in year 2005 to 45% in last year, if domestic oil production continues to rise, U. S could move toward to energy independence (Bryan Walsh, The Future of Oil, paragraph 12). Other than that, he also included fact information in his article, written that â€Å"There is no substitute for economy along with it. (Bryan Walsh, The Future of Oil, paragraph 17). Last of all, the author have referred to other’s speeches and opinions such as from President Obama, energy expert–Michael Clare, state geologist of Text–Scott Tinker, and chief economist at EIA?Afterbirth, which he have written into his article â€Å"The Future of Oil† but yet he do not enclose the links and quote them to the references or orig ins which e have used as materials, thus his scholarly is considered as unclear. RESPONSE TO THE PRESENTATION In the article â€Å"The Future of Oil†, author Bryan Walsh has used many statistics and data to strengthen the persuasiveness of his view to audience, but he fails to indicate the exact sources of certain data. Maybe some of these data are very common to local people, example the average price of oil last year in US, â€Å"Last year the average cost for a gallon of unleaded was $3. 51, the highest on record, up from $2. 90 a year before. On March 26 the national average was$3. 90†³(Bryan, 2012), but that was uncommon to reader from other area. He actually should include the sources of those data in order to make his article to be more convincing. The same problem occurs on the information on the production of crude barrels daily by Petrol’s in Atlantic Ocean. The author stated the amount of crude produced, but he did not mention where he got the data from. Instead, these might bring some doubts and seems exaggerating to the audience. Nevertheless, in this article, Bryan Walsh focuses more on the impact of oil to US economy,but hectically provides sufficient facts while explaining the influence of oil to the global future economy. He states and redirects US might be able to achieve energy independence as more sophisticated hydraulic fracturing and horizontal trinitrotoluene’s applied to open up reserves of oil which previously considered unobtainable, but he does agree also that more production of oil in US does not really help to calm the increasing global oil demand. He states â€Å"Energy security is fine, but it doesn’t have that much meaning in a globalizes economy,† says Guy Caruso, a former head of the EIA (Bryan, 2012). This is very true that no matter how much new and unconventional oils are being discovered, the world will never satisfy from the supplies. Nonetheless, Bryan Walsh, in his article, besides economy issues, he does talk about the impact of producing oil to the environment, the true cost to the environment which he intends to warn people the consequences and the future challenge of producing oil. He does provide some facts and sayings of certain representative to attract reader’s attention on this serious issue. Example†elf you think cleaning up an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was tough, try doing it in the remote, forbidding Arctic. But even greater than the immediate environmental danger posed by unconventional oil is the larger risk to the climate. â€Å"(Bryan, 2012). However, he fails to picture out how destructive the consequences and negative effect to the environmental. Instead, he provides saying like â€Å"There’s enough carbon there to create a totally different planet,† says James Hansen, a NASA climatologist and activist (Bryan, 2012) without explaining how different planet would it be. At the last part of the article, author Bryan Walsh has clarified his view on the future of oil. He denotes that new coming sources and unconventional oil does not really help to solve the fundamental problem. He does need of oil. He includes some facts to show the effort of people to increase the efficiency in order to waste the energy sources. â€Å"Beam’s push to increase corporate average fuel-efficiency standards for vehicles to 55 m. P. G. By 2025 is vital†(Bryan, 2012). How to cite The Future of Oil, Papers

Mac Os X free essay sample

The Mac OS X Panther operation system has met with both technical and commercial success. Since the debut of Mac OS X in 2001, its features have continued to improve. The initial system Mac OS X 10. 1 was originally shipped in September 2001 and was referred to as Puma; Jaguar, version 10. 2, was shipped in August 2002, and Panther, the current version, was shipped in October 2003. The focus of this paper is on the key technologies that have made Mac OS X Panther a technical success such as CPU scheduling, symmetric multiprocessing, memory protection, and virtual memory; we begin with an overview of the MAC OS X operating system. Overview of Mac OS X Panther Mac OS, from Apple Computer, can be considered two families of operating systems: the older and now unsupported classic Mac OS (the system that shipped with the first Mac in 1984 and its descendants, culminating with Mac OS 9), and the newer Mac OS X. Mac OS X Panther is a UNIX-based Operating System with the intuitive user interface called Aqua. The modern core UNIX-based Operating System brings benefits such as protected memory and preemptive multitasking to Macintosh computing. Mac OS X Panther also has a sparkling user interface capable of visual effects such as translucence and drop shadows. The central characteristic of the Mac OS X architecture is the layering of system software, with one layer having dependencies on, and interfaces with, the layer beneath it (see Figure 1-1). Mac OS X has four distinct layers of system software (in order of dependency): Application Environments consists of the frameworks, libraries, and services necessary for the runtime execution of programs developed with those API. Mac OS X currently provides five application (or execution) environments: Carbon, Cocoa, Java, Classic, and BSD Commands. Application Services incorporates the system services available to all application environments that have some impact on the graphical user interface. It includes Quartz, QuickDraw, and OpenGL as well as essential system managers. Core Services incorporates those system services that have no effect on the graphical user interface. It includes Core Foundation, Open Transport, and certain core portions of Carbon. Kernel Environment provides the foundation layer of Mac OS X. Its primary components are Mach 3. 0 and FreeBSD, but it also includes networking protocol stacks and services, file systems, and device drivers. The kernel environment offers facilities for developing device drivers (the I/O Kit) and loadable kernel extensions, including Network Kernel Extensions (NKEs). This integrated kernel environment is called Darwin and it is an Open Source technology available from www. apple. com/darwin. The following is the components that Mach 3. 0 and FreeBSD provide: Mach †¢ support for SMP †¢ untyped IPC and RPC memory management †¢ support for real-time services †¢ external pager †¢ modular architecture †¢ improved performance BSD †¢ file systems †¢ networking †¢ basic security policies such as user IDs and permissions †¢ the system framework a mechanism for exporting APIs to the application layers †¢ the BSD process model, including process IDs and signals †¢ FreeBSD kernel APIs †¢ Pthre ads (POSIX threads implementation) [pic] Figure 1-1 System Layer CPU Scheduling The kernel environment of Mac OS X, specifically Mach, provides the fundamental thread support. Mach maintains the register state of its threads and schedules them preemptively in relation to one another. In general, multitasking may be either cooperative or preemptive. Classic Mac OS implements cooperative multitasking which was not very intelligent. In cooperative CPU scheduling the OS requires that each task voluntarily give up control so that other tasks can execute, so unimportant but CPU-intensive background events might take up so much for a processor’s time that more important activities in the foreground would become sluggish and unresponsive. On the other hand, preemptive multitasking allows an external authority to delegate execution time to the available tasks. Mac OS X’s Mach supports preemptive multitasking in which it processes several different tasks simultaneously. To affect the structure of the address space, or to reference any resource other than the address space, the thread must execute a special trap instruction which causes the kernel to perform operations on behalf of the thread, or to send a message to some agent on behalf of the thread. In general, these traps manipulate resources associated with the task containing the thread. Mach provides a flexible framework for thread scheduling policies. Mac OS X supports both the multilevel feedback queue scheduling and round-robin (RR) scheduling algorithm. The multilevel feedback queue scheduling algorithm partitions the ready queue into several separate queues and allows a process to move between queues. In the multilevel feedback queue scheduling algorithm, each run queue has various priorities that are handled in different ways. A multilevel feedback queue scheduling thread’s priority is raised and lowered to balance its resource consumption against other threads. Round-robin threads execute for a certain time quantum (time slice), and then are put at the end of the queue of threads of equal priority. Setting a round robin thread’s quantum to infinity effectively makes the thread run-till-block within its priority. Mac OS X internally has 128 priority levels, ranging from 0 (lowest priority) to 127 (highest priority).